Monday, 30 May 2011

Best Summer Travel Deals




Travel Editor Peter Greenberg's Top Finds for Great Rates on Transportation, Attractions and Accommodations



(CBS)  Traveling has been rough lately, with all the cancellations due to the volcano in Iceland, and high airfares. So, how can you plan a summer trip without breaking the bank?

On "The Early Show," CBS News Travel Editor Peter Greenbergshared some easy ways for you to get great rates on your summer getaways.

FLASH SALES: (Facebook, Twitter and others)
Sheraton Nassau Beach Resort - Fans and friends of the Sheraton Nassau Beach Resort's Facebook page can enjoy a sunny Bahamian getaway for up to 40 percent off with the Sheraton Nassau Beach Resort's Facebook Fans and Friends offer. The special discounted rates start at $129 per night, and guests can upgrade to an ocean view room for only $20 more per night. To book this offer, travelers must e-mail info@sheratonnassau.com with rate code FACEBOOK by May 31 for travel through November 11, 2010. To become a fan of the Sheraton Nassau Beach Resort on Facebook, please visithttp://www.facebook.com/SheratonNassau. For more information on the Sheraton Nassau Beach Resort please visithttp://www.sheratonnassau.com

Discover Ohio Want buy-one get-two-free admissions to a great Ohio zoo? Buy-one-get-one train rides, wake boarding and Segway tours? How about $50 savings on bed and breakfast stays? Follow @DiscoverOhio on Twitter, and you'll see a new valuable travel offer every day in May. If you like what you see, make sure you purchase your deal right away, because most offers are only available in a limited quantity, and once the day is over, the deal is gone! You'll only find these great deals by following @DiscoverOhio on Twitter, so get on board today and make sure you're among the first to know!

DailyGetwaways.com - Discover America Daily Getaways is a month-long partnership between the U.S. Travel association and American Express that will auction daily travel packages to a number of American cities to cardholders. These once-in-a-lifetime packages feature exclusive access to events. For instance, revelers can get behind-the-scenes access to Mardi Gras, including a ride on Harry Connick Jr.'s float, followed by a black-tie and other inside-access experiences over a five-day stay. In addition to the travel packages, Discover America is also offering a limited number of deeply discounted travel offers that anyone can participate in. There is a new vacation package and set of deals every weekday until the promotion ends on June 4.

Vacationist.com - A new partnership between LuxuryLink.com and Travel & Leisure. An invitation-only, private-sale travel website for luxury travelers, offers exclusive luxury hotel and resort rooms available for purchase to its members at 25 to 40 percent off for limited periods of time. Invitees to Vacationist are initially limited to Travel + Leisure customers and Luxury Link members.

JetSetter.com is an invitation-only flash sale community with deals offered first come, first served deals include luxury hotels, African safaris, and more. For example, a junior suite at the Epic Hotel Miami for $169 per night, half the regular rate. Visit the site to request an invitation.

Kayak offers private hotel sales to members for up to 50 percent off regular rates, based on hot search trends.

Tablet Hotels is a private sale site that offers reduced hotels for members only. To become a member, you just have to book with Tablet or be invited. To receive alerts about becoming a Tablet member, follow them on Facebook and Twitter. Sales start every Tuesday at 10 a.m. ET and are live for only two days. Tablet Plus members ($195 fee) are given early access starting Monday at 10 a.m. ET.

CheapCaribbean.com - The 99-Hour Sale, gives customers exclusive access to up to 70 percent savings on vacation packages to the Caribbean and Mexico. The sale begins Monday at 9:00 p.m. ET and lasts through Friday at midnight. Subscribers to the company's e-mail newsletter get an early preview of the week's 99-Hour deals on Monday afternoon, and with this deal alert e-mail the company gives you an early preview as well.

The first 99 bookings receive additional savings, plus all bookings receive the Sunshine Protection Plan, which provides a $100 coupon if it rains during the customer's vacation. The webpage for the 99-hour sale has special features including a clock counting down the time remaining on the sale, and the number of bookings left of the first 99 for each resort. Go to this page or call 800-915-2322.

SUMMER DESTINATION DEALS:

HAWAII: 
Pleasant Holidays - For $599+ per person, fly roundtrip from San Francisco to Oahu, Maui, Kauai, or the Big Island. Price includes five-nights hotel accommodations and a FREE car. Plus, free daily breakfast and kids stay free at select hotels. This Hawaii Summer Deal is valid for travel June 16 through August 15, 2010. Seats are limited; offer good while seats last. Prices are per person based on double occupancy, plus taxes of $37 per person.

ARIZONA:
From May 23 through September 10, the Arizona Biltmore is offering a choice of the All-Inclusive Package in the main hotel or the Exclusive All-Inclusive Package at Ocatilla at Arizona Biltmore. The All-Inclusive Package, for $199, includes accommodations, breakfast, lunch and dinner for two, half-off spa services and free parking. The Exclusive All-Inclusive package for $249 includes a club room, lounge access, breakfast, lunch and dinner, half-off spa services, free parking, and no resort charge. For the All-Inclusive package call 800-950-0086 and mention code P6, or book online at http://www.arizonbilmore.com; for the Exclusive All-Inclusive package call 800-950-0086 and mention code P5, or book online at Ocatilla.com.

FLORIDA:
One Ocean Resort Hotel & Spa in Atlantic Beach, Florida -- Northeast Florida's newest beachfront resort is offering savings of up to 39 percent with summer room rates from $271, June through September. The resort is located 22 miles, 30 minutes from Jacksonville International Airport with non-stop flights to more than 30 cities.

Costa d'Este Beach Resort, owned by Gloria and Emilio Estefan, in Vero Beach, Florida, has announced a "Sea & Be Scene" promotional rate of $159 per room valid May 1 through September 30, 2010. The special summer offer includes a $50 per night resort credit, good for the resort's spa and signature Cuban-fusion restaurant. Additionally, under the program, guests receive a $100 voucher good for a future visit of two nights or more. "Sea & Be Scene" rates are capacity controlled and based on availability; certain restrictions apply. When making a reservation, guests should request promo code SEA9.

Renaissance Resort at World Golf Village in St. Augustine has a Stay and Play golf package. If there's one golfer in the room, it's from $179 per room, per night; two golfers costs $279 per room, per night. That includes 18 rounds of golf and tickets to the World Golf Hall of Fame. The package is available June 1-August 31, 2010, based on space availability. Reference promotional code ZJ2 when booking the package for two golfers, or promotional code G4U when booking the package for one golfer.

LAS VEGAS:
Hotwire.com has four and five-star hotels on the Strip and downtown from $35 a night.

Vegas.com has hotels starting as early as mid-May from $69 at the Sahara. Travel in June and rates drop even lower, to $35 a night at the Sahara.

CRUISES:
Cruise Brothers and Celebrity Cruises have teamed up for fall deals on the Celebrity Infinity or Mercury, from $999 per person for a 16-night trans-canal cruise. That includes $75 onboard credit and an additional $100 credit if you book by May 12. Departing September 24, the Celebrity Infinity stops in Seattle, Washington, San Diego, California, Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, Acapulco, Mexico, Santa Cruz Huatulco, Mexico, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, Cristobal, Panathema, Panama Canal, Panama, Cartagena, Colombia, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Carnival - Four-night Western Caribbean from Miami starts from $379 per person in June and July.

Royal Caribbean - Three-night Bahamas cruise from Miami from $304 per person in June and July.

© MMX, CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tuesday, 8 March 2011

Forests, Grasslands and Drylands COUNTRY PROFILE - Bangladesh

   
Forest Area and ChangeBangladeshAsia (excl. Middle East)World
Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha)13345041803869455
Natural forest area, 2000 (000 ha)7093758243682722
Plantations area, 2000 (000 ha)625110953186733
Total dryland area, 1950-1981 (000 ha) {a}010781215059984
Change in forest area:
 Total, 1990-200014 %-1 %-2 %
 Natural, 1990-2000-7 %-1 %-4 %
 Plantations, 1990-20004 %5 %3 %
Original forest {b} as a percent of
 total land area {c}100 %X48 %
Forest area in 2000 as a percent of
 total land area {c}9 %20 %29 %
     
Forest Area by Crown Cover (000 ha), 2000
Note: Crown cover data are gathered using different methodologies than the forest
area calculated above. The two estimates may differ substantially.
Area of forest with crown cover:
 Greater than 10%45479201646537209
 Greater than 25%25816990584842071
 Greater than 50%14715092473143720
 Greater than 75%6863362661945916
     
Ecosystem Areas by Type
Total land area14400249447513328979
Percent of total land area covered by:
 Forests12 %17 %24 %
 Shrublands, savanna, and grasslands3 %37 %37 %
 
 mosaic73 %34 %20 %
 Urban and built-up areas0.2 %0.2 %0.2 %
 Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice0 %10 %16 %
 Wetlands and water bodies11 %2 %3 %
     
Forests certified through the Forest Stewardship Council
Natural forests, 2002 (hectares)014532311457393
Plantations, 2002 (hectares)0619363324996
Mixed forests, 2002 (hectares)02570211461154
     
Forest Protection
Percent of forests protected:
 Tropical forest, 1990s3.7 %16.4 %9 %
 Nontropical forest, 1990sX5.3 %6 %
 Sparse trees and parkland, 1990sX7 %5.5 %
Number of tree species threatened, 1990s12X5904
     
Wood Production and Trade
Annual roundwood production:
 Total, 1996-1998 (000 meters3)3250511119583261621
 Fuel, 1996-1998 (000 meters3)318948633161739504
 Industrial, 1996-1998 (000 meters3)6102684701522116
 
 (000 meters3)939057151390
 
 (thousand metric tons)4688859313206
 
 (thousand metric tons)X36539126404
Average value of trade in forest products {d}:
 Imports, 1996-1998 (thousand US$)9333537114499142932629
 Exports, 1996-1998 (thousand US$)500316434017135313009
Forest product exports as a percent of the
 total value of all exports, 1997X2.1 %2 %
     
Other Resources:
Country Profiles of the Food and Agriculture Organization
 
 
     
     
Footnotes:
a.Areas are presented as long-term average covering the years from 1950 to 1981.
b.Original forest refers to estimated forest cover about 8,000 years ago assuming current climatic conditions.
c."Forest area in 2000 as a percent of total land area" and "Original forest as a percent of total land area" are not directly comparable; data are from two different sources.
d.Includes trade in industrial roundwood, wood fuel, sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp, paper and paperboard, recovered paper, chips, particles, & wood residues.
View more Country Profiles on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org

European Rail way


Point to Point tickets are the easiest way to save money compared to Rail passes if you only plan to travel a couple of times, from one point to another.

Point to Point Tickets, unlike a Rail Pass, are only available for one European train journey. If you plan to travel from only one point to another, once or twice, it would be better to choose Point to Point tickets than a Rail Pass

Seat reservation is included in the total price of your ticket. If not, we’ll remind you the best value choice at the end of your booking. 

Decide the specific day and time of your travel, reserve your seats: easy and cheaper!

Artesia Day Train in brief

Artesia, the high-speed premier day train, offers three daily round-trip connections between the main cities of France and Italy. Traveling at speeds of 270 km/h (180mph) you can enjoy the beautiful countryside of both France and Italy as you sit back in your comfortable seat and indulge in this relatively short and convenient train trip.
A total of 16 travel destinations are offered between the day and night Artesia trains – making it easy to combine a multi-city France – Italy excursion.
The 8-car Artesia Train can be reserved 90 days prior to the departure date.

The Artesia Day Train network

Main destinations include Paris, Torino and Milan in France and Italy.
Popular journeys
JourneyTravel time
Paris Gare de Lyon7h 36
Torino Porta Susa – Milano Centrale1h 33

Our tip

DVD players and DVDs are available for rent from the club car or the snack cart.

Burj Dubai



The Burj Dubai means "Dubai Tower" in Arabic. The current projected date of completion is September 2009. The tower itself has surpassed many world records and hopes to achieve greatness both in itself, for Dubai, for the U.A.E, and ultimately for the entire Middle-East. The Burj Dubai is being developed by Emaar Properties of U.A.E, and the contractors are Samsung, Besix, Arabtec, Turner, and Emaar.

Tallest Free Standing Structure in the World
The Burj Dubai is now the tallest free standing structure in the world. It has surpassed the KVLY-TV mast which was the previously tallest structure. Since the structure is not complete, and exact figures have not been publicly released, speculation on the number of floors it will have is really unknown. Based on data gathered, we estimate that the project will be between 170 and 180 floors.

Burj Dubai Palms

Costs
According to wikipedia, the project is budgeted at 4.1 billion dollars US. This is placed in Downtown Dubai which has a projected budget of 20 billion US to make it as competitive as possible with other world financial centers.

Inspiration
A tower's success is limited or magnified by its design. It is important that the tower is deeply rooted in the local societyĆ¢€™s culture. That is why Adrian Smith, the architect, incorporated many patterns that are traditional in Islamic architecture into the Burj Dubai. The largest source of inspiration for the Burj Dubai was actually a flower. Adrian Smith drew inspiration from the Hymenocallis flower, which is a highly popular flower in Dubai, India, and the region. The flower's design can be seen in many of the structural elements of the design.

Purpose
The underlying purpose of the Burj Dubai is to put Dubai on the map as a spectacular city. The Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum wants to move the economy from a heavily trade based economy to that of services. Building a tower with such splendor, grander, and prestige will certainly catch the eyes of foreign investors. It also turns Dubai into a place where people want to do business.

Burj Dubai Construction

The building will be utilized for Office, Hotel, and Residential uses. It will be in the same loop as the Dubai mall, projected to be the worlds largest mall. The Burj will contain 30,000 homes, 9 hotels, and office space.
Sales

If you are interested in calling the Burj Dubai home, then you better have your checkbook out. According to Mohamad Ali Alabbar, the CEO of Emaar Properties, the current rate for space on the Burj is $3,500 per sf. If you are interested in office space, the current going rate is $4,000 per sf


Dubai Shopping Festival

Dubai Shopping Festival


Dubai is currently the hot place to shop. The Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF) that is also known as 'Layali Dubai' in Arabic was started in 1996. The main goal of Dubai shopping festival is to promote trade and tourism in Dubai. The festival annually draws about three million people to Dubai for shopping. In order to make the city as the tourist capital of the Middle East, they've made shopping largely tax free that allows merchants to import products from other countries with very few tariffs.
Dubai Shopping Festival is basically a shopping paradise. Dubai offers a blend of the modern and the traditional, mixing the best of the East with the best of the West. In Dubai shopping festival you can find anything from gold chains to Ipods at rock bottom prices. The Dubai shopping festival has succeeded in establishing itself as the leading special "shopping" event in the world. Various brands such as Visa, Pepsi and Emirates Airlines became partners to DSF's growth.
During DSF several hotels and apartments also offer you special offers. Sponsored by Dubai Duty Free, the Dubai shopping festival is enlivened with international theatre and street performances, fashion shows, nightly fireworks, prize draws, children's events and laser shows. Dubai Shopping Festival offers the best brands at the world’s lowest prices.

Along with all of the shopping outlets, the Dubai Shopping Festival also offers a variety of entertainment events. Kazim Al Sahir, Nawal Al Zugby, Amr Diab, Milhim Barakat, Asala, Fadl Shaker, Najwa Karam, and Diana Haddad are some of the most famous Arabic entertainers who perform during the Dubai shopping festival. During the Dubai shopping festival, visas are easily obtainable at the Dubai International Airport.

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PAHALGAM TOUR

Pahalgam is probaly the most popular hill resort in the Kashmir valley. Since it is rather lower than Gulmarg the nighttime temperatures do not drop so low and it has the further advantage of the beautiful Lidder River running right through the town.

Pahalgam is situated at the junction of the Aru and Sheshnag Rivers and surrounded by soaring, fir-covered mountains with bare, snow-capped peaks rising behind them. The Aru flows down from the Kolahoi glacier beyond Lidderwat while the Sheshnag from glaciers along the great Himalayan.

At the confluence of the streams flowing from the river Lidder and Sheshnag Lake, Pahalgam was once a humble shepherd's village with breathtaking views. Now it Kashmir's premier resort, cool even during the height of summer. A number of hotels and lodges cater to all preferences and budgets, from luxurious to unpretentious trekkers' lodges, including JKTDC's delightfully romantic, fully furnished huts, partially concealed by giant pine trees.

Pahalgam Walks - There are many short walks available from Pahalgam and in addition it is an excellent base for longer treks such as those to the Kolahoi glacier or to the Amarnath cave. Pahalgam can also be used as a starting point for treks out of the region. Pahalgam is particularly famed for its many shepherds and they're a common sight, driving their flocks of sheep along the paths all around the town.
Around Pahalgam are many places of interest, and because the resort is set between fairly hills, it is worth hiring a pony rather than walking. Pony fares are posted at prominent locations.

Mamaleshwara
Mamaleshwara is only a km or so downstream from Pahalgam, and on the opposite side of the Lidder, is this small Shiva temple with its square, stone tank. It is thought to date from the reign of king Jayasima in the 12th century, even earlier.

Baisaran
This meadow, about 5-km from Pahalgam and 150m higher, provides excellent views over the town and the Lidder valley. Pine forests and the snowclad mountains surround the grassy glen. One can hire ponies for this trek from near the centre of town.

Tulian Lake
If one continues 11-km beyond Baisaran one reaches the Tulian Lake at 3,353m, 1,200m higher up. It is covered in ice for much of the year and surrounded by peaks, which rise more than 300m above its shores. It also can be reached by pony trek.

Aru
The little village of Aru is actually the first stage from Pahalgam on the trek to Lidderwat and the Kolahoi glacier. It makes an interesting day walk from Pahalgam, following the Lidder river for Pahalgam, following the Lidder river for 11-km upstream. The main track, which also can be taken by car, is on the left bank of the river. There is also a less used, and more difficult path, on the right bank. At Aru one will often find the Gujars, living in their log huts with their flocks of sheep and goats, en route to the higher sheep and goats, en route to the higher pastures for the summer.

Hajan
Hajan, on the way to Chandanwari is an idyllic spot for a picnic. Filmgoers will recognize it instantly as it has been the location of several movie scenes.

Chandanwari & Passage To The Amarnath Yatra
Situated 16-km from Pahalgam, Chandanwari is the starting point of the Amarnath Yatra, which takes place every year in the month of Sawan (Rain). The destination is the Amarnath Cave, believed to the abode of Lord Shiva. Although the road from Pahalgam to Chandanwari is on fairly flat terrain, and can be undertaken by car, from Chandanwari onwards the track becomes much steeper, being accessible on foot or by pony.

Located 11-km from Chandanwari is the mountain lake of Sheshnag, after which 13-km away is the last stop, Panchtarni. The Amarnath cave is 6-km away from there. During the month of 'Sawan', an ice stalagmite forms a natural Shivling (also spelt as Shivlinga), which waxes and wanes with the phases of the moon.

The state government makes extensive arrangements every year for the successful completion of the pilgrimage, registering each one of the over one lakh pilgrims, pony owners and Dandi Walas, providing camps en route, and ensuring safe, comfortable and speedy progress of the Yatris.

Even if one's visit to Pahalgam is not during the period of the Yatra, one can still take a pony ride up to Sheshnag Lake, returning late evening.

Fishing
Pahalgam is one of Kashmir's popular trout fishing beats. Kashmir is famous for its trout although they tend to be rather small. Additionally, fishing licences are hard to get and rather expensive. A compulsion is to keep am guide and one is also permitted to catch six fishes, which is the daily limit.

HOW TO REACH THERE

Air: Pahalgam is in Anantnag District and is about 96-km from Srinagar. The nearest airport is in Badgam District. This Airport is connected with all the major cities of India. Rail: The nearest Rail Head is at Jammu and from there National Highway NH1A connects the Kashmir valley with India.
Road: The road to Pahalgam can be taken to Khannabal or alternatively from Bijbehara villages from National Highway NH1A. Every sort of transport to suit every budget from Buses to Taxis ply on this Highway. It takes around 10 to 12 hours to cross this mountainous road, which crosses some beautiful spots and the famous Jawahar Tunnel linking Kashmir Valley with India. Bus service is available from Srinagar and Anantnag, which leave at fixed time from the Bus stands. Taxis and other sort of transport can be hired from Srinagar at pre-fixed rates. Assistance is available at Tourist Reception Centre, Srinagar. On Road to Pahalgam one comes across the beautiful Lidder Valley with important spots of Mattan and Aishmuqam
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SONAMARG TOUR

                      Sonamarg is the base of a major trek that passes along several mountain lakes –Vishansar, Kishansar, Gadsar, Satsar and Gangabal. Sonamarg is also the take off station for the drive to Ladakh across the Zojila, a major pass in the Great Himalayan Range, through which the Srinagar-Leh Road passes.
The Meadow Of Gold
At a height of 2,740m, Sonamarg is the last major point in the Kashmir valley before the Zoji La pass into Ladakh . At the pass the green, lush Kashmiri landscape abruptly switches to the barren, dry landscape of Ladakh. Sonamarg is thus not only a good base for treks but also a jumping off point for trips into Ladakh.

The name means 'Meadow of Gold' and although this could be due to the profusion of flowers that carpet the meadow in the spring it is also possible that the name derives from Sonamarg's strategic trading position in the days when this was a major route into central Asia. The Sindh River meanders along here and abounds with Trout and Mahseer.

Walks From Sonamarg
Oneof the most popular short walks from Sonamarg and a major attraction during the summer months is the 4-km route to Thajiwas, a small valley at the foot of the Sonamarg glacier. A path leads up to the Shakhdar hill, overlooking the glacier from the northeast. It is dangerous to climb the steep slope leading up to the glacier. Ponies can be hired for the trip up to Thajiwas glacier. Often in early summer one will meet groups of Gujar passing through Sonamarg on their way to the alpine meadows for the summer.
Nilagrad
A mountain river meets the Indus at the Baltic colony, Nilagrad, 6-km away from Sonamarg. The water of the river is reddish in colour. The Baltic thinks the water has curative power of many diseases. Inhabitants of the colony visit this place every Sunday to bath in the river.

Bisansar Lake & Krishnasar Lake
There is a lake in every corner of the Himalayas and there is one at Sonamarg also. The road proceeds from Sonamarg to Bisansar Lake via Nichinai Pass. Crossing the river at Nichinai Pass stands the Bisansar Lake at an altitude of 4, 084m, with its its lovely natural beauty. Beside the lake is the Krishnasagar Lake at an altitude of 3,801m, popular for Trout fishing. 
Baltal
This beautiful meadow is right at the foot of the Zoji La pass and thus is the final place in Kashmir. The river from the foot of the Amarnath glacier meets the Indus near Baltal. It stands at a height of 2,743m and during the Amarnath pilgrimage there are tents set up here. It is possible to walk to the Amarnath cave, more usually approached from Pahalgam, in one day. Check about conditions before departing, though. The weather can be treacherous and at other times melting snow and ice make the route very dangerous. There's now a jeep road most of the way to the cave. The turn off to Baltal is at 94-km on the Leh road, and then it's 3-km or so downhill.

Yushmarg
If one can take some time out, then take tour of Yushmarg in daytime. Buses on conducted tours run to Yushmarg thrice a week. 47-km southwest of Srinagar amidst pines and firs lies the vale - Yushmarg (2,700m) at the slope of the Pir Panjal ranges. Its is a beautiful pasture as well as a nice picnic spot.

HOW TO REACH THERE

Air: Sonamarg is in Srinagar District on the Srinagar Leh Highway, 81-km from Srinagar. The nearest airport is in Badgam District, connecting the capital city with all the major cities in India.
Rail: The nearest Railhead is at Jammu and from there National Highway NH1A connects the Kashmir valley with India.
Road: Every sort of transport to suit every budget from Buses to Taxis ply on National Highway NH1A. It takes around 10 to 12 hours to cross this mountainous road, which crosses some beautiful spots and the famous Jawahar Tunnel linking Kashmir Valley with India. Bus service is available from Srinagar and Anantnag, which leave at fixed time from the Bus stands. Taxis and other sort of transport can be hired from Srinagar at pre-fixed rates. Assistance is available at Tourist Reception Centre, Srinagar
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SRINAGAR TOUR


           Srinagar is located in the heart of the Kashmir valley at an altitude of 1,730 m above sea level, spread on both sides of the river Jhelum. The Dal and Nagin lakes enhance its picturesque setting, while the changing play of the seasons and the salubrious climate ensures that the city is equally attractive to visitors around the year.
Kalhana, the author of 'Rajtarangini’, states that Srinagri was founded by Emperor Ashoka (3rd Century BC). The present city of Srinagar was founded by Pravarasena-II, and Hiuen Tsang, who visited Kashmir in 631 AD, found it at the same site as it is today. Laltaditya Muktapida was the most illustrious ruler of Kashmir in the Hindu period, which ended in 1339 ADKing Zain-ul-Abidin (1420-70 AD), popularly known as‘Budshah’, was a great patron of Sanskrit. Akbar captured Kashmir valley for the Mughals, who endowed Srinagar with beautiful mosques and gardens. The Sikhs overthrew the last Muslim ruler in the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1819. In 1846 the Dogras secured the sovereignty of Kashmir from the British under the Treaty of Amrjtsar, and in 1947 the state of Jammu and Kashmir with Srinagar as its capital, became part of the Indian Union.
Houseboats
If one is longing for the delights of a houseboat holiday, then check out lakes of Srinagar to try one. Srinagar is a unique city because of its lakes - the Dal , Nagin and Anchar. The River Jhelum also flows through a part of the city. 
Most houseboats on the Nagin and the Jhelum are situated on the banks of the lake, and can be accessed directly from land without the help of a Shikara. While all those on the Dal require a Shikara to get to and from them. Most houseboats on the Dal are situated in long straggling rows; some face the boulevard, Srinagar's exciting address, while others are situated singly or in groups of two and three.

City Of Lakes
Srinagar's lakes are the reason why the city receives so many tourists. Not just expanse of water, the lakes are filled with houseboats, villages, narrow water canals, lotus and vegetable gardens and houses and shops.

Life on the lakes, as witnessed from the confines of a Shikara, is unique. It is possible to book a Shikara for the whole day and sightsee Nishat Garden, Nasim Bagh, Hazratbal Mosque, Pathar Masjid and Shah Hamdan's Shrine, having a picnic lunch in the boat.

DAL LAKE
The Dal is famous not only for its beauty, but for its vibrance, because it sustains within its periphery, a life that is unique anywhere in the world. The houseboat and Shikara communities have lived for centuries on the Dal, and so complete is their infrastructure on the lake, that they never have to step on land! Doctors, tailors, bakers- one can see them all in tiny wooden shops on the lake, near picturesque vegetable gardens and acres of lotus gardens
The most confusing parts of Srinagar for it's not really one lake at all, but three. Further more much of it is hardly what one would expect a lake to be like - it's a maze of intricate waterways and channels, floating islands of vegetation, houseboats that look so firmly moored they could almost be islands and hotels on islands which look like they could simply float away.

Dal Lake lies immediately to the east and north of Srinagar and stretches over 5-km. The lake is divided into Gagribal, Lokut Dal and Bod Dal by a series of causeways The main causeway across the lake carries the water pipeline for Srinagar's main water supply. Dal gate, at the city end of Dal Lake, controls the flow of the lake into the Jhelum river canal. It's the steady flow of water through the lake, combined with its relatively cold temperature, which keeps it so clear looking.
NAGIN LAKE
Nagin is generally held to be the most beautiful of the Dal lakes. Its name comes from the many trees, which encircle the small, deep blue lake. Nagin is only separated from the Larer Dal lakes by a narrow causeway and it also has a number of houseboats moored around its perimeter. 
Nagin Lake, which is usually thought of as a separate lake, is also divided from Dal Lake only by a causeway. The causeways are mostly suitable for walkers and bicycles only so they make a very pleasant way of seeing the lake without having to worry about traffic or Shikaras.
A Nice Getaway
If one wats to really get away from the chaotic city life all then Nagin is a good place to find a house boat and do it the surroundings are much more serene and isolated than on Dal Lake. One can rent rowboats from the camping site here - either to simply row around the lake or to look around for a houseboat.

MUGHAL GARDENS
Kashmir was a favourite of the Mughal emperors who visited it as often as they could. Cool and refreshing after the plains of North India where the business of governance kept them, they planted gardens with stepped terraces and flowing watercourses. When they rested in their gardens, they dreamt they were in paradise.

The next garden along the road that encircles the Dal is the Nishat, built by empress Nur Jahan's brother Asaf Khan. The largest of the gardens, Nishat has several terraces, a central watercourse and a majestic site between the Dal and the Zabarwan hills.

The third Mughal garden - the Shalimar - was planted by Jehangir, the Mughal emperor, whose love for Kashmir was legendary. Shaded by magnificent Chinar trees, the Shalimar is a series of stone pavilions and flowing water with paint box bright flowerbeds.
SHALIMAR BAGH
The Shalimar were built by Emperor Jehangir for his wife Nur Jahan, 'light of the world' in 1616. Although it is known today as the 'garden of love' it was originally named the Farah Bakhsh or 'delightful garden'.

 The garden is built in four terraces with traditional water channel running down the middle. The gardens measure 540 by 183 metres. During the Mughal period the top terraces used be reserved for the emperor and the ladies of the court and was the most magnificent. It included a pavilion made of black stone in the middle of the tank. Black Marble fluted pillars supported the pavilion, which was used as a banquet hall.

Shalimar Bagh has an air of seclusion and repose, and its rows of fountains and shaded trees seem to recede towards the snowcapped mountains. A Son Et Lumeiere or sound and light show is put on here every evening during the May to October tourist season.

PARIMAHAL
The old Sufi college of Pari Mahal, the 'palace of the fairies', is only a short distance above the Chasma Shahi gardens. One can easily walk from the gardens up to the Pari Mahal then follow a footpath directly down the hill to the road that runs by the Oberoi Palace Hotel. The Pari Mahal consists of a series of arched terraces. Recently it has been turned into a very pleasant and well-kept garden with fine views over Dal Lake. It's attractively sited on a spur of the Zabarwan Mountains. The gardens are beautifully kept even today and a Son Et Lumiere show is put on here every evening during the May to October tourist season.
NISHAT BAGH

The Nishat Bagh is another lovely garden with its 12 terraces representing the 12 signs of the zodiac, which descend gradually and seem to almost merge into the lake. It is situated on the banks of world famous Dal Lake in the backdrop of Zabarwan hills. With its flowerbeds, trees, fountains, the Nishat presents a dramatic sight. The gardens were designed in 1633 by Asaf Khan, brother of Nur Jahan, and follow the same pattern as the Shalimar gardens with a polished stone channel running down the centre and a series of terraces.

It's the largest of the Mughal gardens measuring 548 metres by 338 metres, and often the most crowed. The walks beside the channel are bordered with lines of cypresses and Chinars. Also found within its vicinity are some remains of Mughal period buildings including a double storey pavilion enclosed on two sides latticed windows.

Directly behind the garden is the Gopi Tirth, a small spring gushing forth crystal clear water, which feeds the garden water.


CHASMA SHAHI 

Cheshma Shahi is the first Mughal garden one will pass after Nehru Park. Built at a height above the city, its views are as stupendous as its layout. The smallest of Srinagar's Mughal gardens, Cheshma Shahi has only three terraces in addition to a natural spring of water enclosed in a stone pavilion.
Smallest of the Srinagar Mughal gardens, measuring just 108 metres by 38 metres, the Chasma Shahi, or 'Royal Spring', are well up the hillside, above the Nehru Memorial Park. The fresh water spring in these pleasant, quieter gardens is reputed to have medicinal properties.
The gardens were laid out in 1632 by Ali Mardan Khan and include three terraces, an aqueduct, waterfalls and fountains. The water from the spring supplies the fountains and then goes through the floor of the pavilion and falls to the lower terrace in a fine cascade of five metres, over a polished black stone chute.
Some extensions have recently been made to the gardens. Like all the gardens the Chasma Shahi is open from sunrise to sunset but unlike the other gardens this is the only one, which charges admission. There is a small shrine, the Chasma Sahibi, near the gardens, which also has a fresh water spring
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